In this article we debate how the meanings of gesture language eroticize bodies in two online artistic references: the amateur videos of people masturbating themselves from the website “Beautiful Agony” ( www.beautifulagony.com ), which show faces only; and the “My Luxuria” series, by the artist Alex Kliszynski ( www.ask-art.net ), where in the pictures, models who are naked and in erotic positions have their bodies replaced by bodies which resemble a “Barbie” doll. Once we are facing the images of fractioned (...) bodies we may ask to what extent the meaning forged in the erotic experience finds in the gesture something that widens the possibilities of signification of these images. We believe that the observer sees these images through the lenses of the experience which is responsible for signifying the erotic in his/her ordinary life. Language – verbal or non-verbal – causes the incarnation of the meaning into the experience. Its expressive nature gives shape to ways of “being in the world” and perceiving it. (shrink)

Apresentamos uma experiência de convivência entre uma professora e seus estudantes atuando em parceria e legitimidade, na qual a aprendizagem emerge a partir de um fluir de coordenações de ações recursivas. O texto se constitui como uma narrativa cartográfica que “mapeia” o fluir das ações e dos movimentos relacionados à convivência. Para explicar as experiências vivenciadas foi feito o uso da Teoria da Biologia do Conhecer, proposta por Humberto Maturana e por Francisco Varela, em especial os conceitos de convivência, de (...) coordenações de ações recursivas, de acoplamento estrutural e de autopoiese. Nessa perspectiva teórica, a aprendizagem é um processo intersubjetivo que acontece na experiência, em acoplamento com a estrutura do sujeito e do meio. A abertura ao fluir das ações, a parceria entre professora e estudantes, em legitimidade, são aspectos que permitiram a emergência de experiências com potencial de desencadear movimentos autopoiéticos relacionados aos processos de ensinar e de aprender. Dentre elas, destacam-se a meditação, aqui pensada a partir do conceito de Enação, e o Conversar Liberador, que oferece princípios para desencadear movimentos de observação de si e de autotransformação. Por fim, através da narrativa cartográfica, apresentamos algumas pistas para práticas pedagógicas articuladas aos princípios apresentados. Entendemos que a missão de educar, sob esse ponto de vista, constitui-se em uma incumbência grandiosa, que implica em ter fé e amor pela vida nas suas diferentes dimensões, atitude que poderá contribuir com a emergência de uma nova consciência planetária, que sustente o viver e o conhecer alicerçado em uma outra forma de ser e de estar na experiência humana. (shrink)

Objective: To explore the strategies that can help individuals mourning a family member’s death from Covid-19 to cope with the loss. Method: We carried out a narrative review on the PubCovid-19 platform using the descriptors “death,” “mourning,” “Covid-19,” and “coping strategies.” Ten articles were included. Results: The strategies found are phone calls, audio recording, letters, and photos, classified as immediate and long-term. These strategies are focused on mental health, which can be adversely affected by depression and psychological disorders. Conclusions: Creating (...) counseling programs for the relatives of those who died from Covid-19 is urgent. They must offer comprehensive, humanized, and continuous mental health care. (shrink)

El artículo busca mostrar que existe un grupo de filósofos y una filósofa en Chile que recepcionaron, tradujeron y explicaron la fenomenología de una manera más bien histórico-filológica que sistemático-problemática. Esta situación se explica, por varias razones, porque efectivamente estaban accediendo a un pensar que no tenía una larga tradición; que esas reflexiones fueron planteadas en textos originalmente en idioma alemán, lo que exigía múltiples esfuerzos de traducción; pero que también se debe a un modo de hacer filosofía en Chile, (...) más bien centrado en un canon filosófico, que en el desarrollo del pensamiento propio y original. (shrink)

1. Hume e a Magna Carta: em torno do círculo da justiça, Maria Isabel Limongi; 2. Hume e o problema da justificação da resistência ao governo, Stephanie Hamdan Zahreddine; 3 O surgimento dos costumes da sociedade comercial e as paixões do trabalho, Pedro Vianna da Costa e Faria; 4. O sentido da crença: suas funções epistêmicas e implicações para a teoria política de Hume, Lilian Piraine Laranja; 5. O Status do Fideísmo na Crítica de Hume à Religião Natural, Marília (...) Côrtes de Ferraz; 6. Da imaterialidade da alma: a desconstrução mais incisiva de Hume de um pressuposto metafísico, Marcos César Seneda; 7. A “irresistibilidade” e a “inevitabilidade” das crenças naturais e o caráter normativo da epistemologia de Hume, Claudiney José de Sousa; 8. Filosofia e vida comum na epistemologia de Hume, Marcos Fonseca Ribeiro Balieiro; 9. Hume e o relativismo moral, Flávio Zimmermann; 10. Hume e a vivacidade das crenças morais, André Luiz Olivier da Silva; 11. Virtudes sociais e refinamento na filosofia moral de David Hume, Andreh Sabino Ribeiro; 12. O movimento razão-crença na interpretação da teoria da motivação de Hume, Franco Nero Antunes Soares; 13. Sentimentos e Normatividade em David Hume segundo Annette Baier, Giovani Lunardi; 14. Simpatia e aprovação moral da justiça na filosofia de David Hume, Denize Carolina da Cunha & Nivaldo Machado; 15. Do eu como feixe de percepções ao eu das paixões: Hume e a identidade pessoal no Tratado, Susie Kovalczyk dos Santos; 16. Imaginação em Hobbes e Hume: cadeias mentais reguladas e princípios de associação, Andrea Cachel; 17. Hume e o princípio fundamental da filosofia moderna, Rafael Bittencourt Santos; 18. A conexão necessária entre Hume e Malebranche, Bruna Frascolla; 19. Realismo ontológico e antirrealismo epistemológico na problemática sobre o mundo externo em Hume, Leandro Hollanda; 20. Uma possível inversão kantiana da tese humeana da inércia da razão, Carlos Eduardo Moreno Pires; Nota sobre João Paulo Monteiro, Rolf Nelson Kuntz. (shrink)

Background: The COVID-19 crisis has had a considerable mental health impact on healthcare workers. High levels of psychological distress are expected to have a significant impact on healthcare systems, warranting the need for evidence-based psychological interventions targeting stress and fostering resilience in this population. Online cognitive behavioral therapy has proved to be effective in targeting stress and promoting resilience. However, online CBT programs targeting stress in healthcare workers are lacking.Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate the feasibility and (...) acceptability of an internet-based CBT intervention, the My Health Too program we developed during the first COVID-19 epidemic peak in France.Methods: We recruited 10 participants among Alsace region hospital staff during the first peak of the pandemic in France. They were given 1 week to test the website and were then asked to answer an internet survey and a semi-structured phone interview.Results: We conducted a thematic analysis of the content from the phone interviews. Major themes were identified, discussed and coded: the technical aspects, the content of the website and its impact on participants’ emotions and everyday life. Overall, the participants reported finding the website easy to use and interactive. They described the resources as easy to understand, readily usable, and useful in inducing calm and in helping them practice self-compassion.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the My Health Too online CBT program is highly feasible and acceptable to healthcare workers during the highly stressful times of the pandemic peak. The feedback provided helped to improve the program whose efficacy is to be tested. (shrink)

ADMINISTRANDO VIDAS SECAS: ENSAIO SOBRE OS RELATOS DE GRACILIANO RAMOS EM SUA EXPERIÊNCIA COMO PREFEITO DE PALMEIRA DOS ÍNDIOS/AL.

Psychology, no less, than Psycho-Analysis claims to be a science. Notwithstanding that, its explanations are more probably characterized by its aesthetic nature. Moreover, the compelling dimension belongs intrinsically to the Freudian theory. This, however, doesn't argue against a systematical study of its concepts.Tanto a psicologia como a psicanálise têm a pretensão de serem ciências. Contudo, suas explicações parecem ser mais estéticas do que científicas. Em Freud, a dimensão da persuasão é parte inerente de sua teoria. O que não impede, contudo, (...) que se possam determinar com precisão os movimentos internos dos seus conceitos. (shrink)

Quando nos detemos à querela recente sobre o enhancement, especialmente àquela que tem colocado em lados opostos bioconservadores e transhumanistas, não pode passar despercebido que pressuposições e mesmo concepções muito ingênuas sobre o homem se encontram no fundo do debate. No estudo que apresentaremos, buscaremos mostrar duas teses: antes de tudo, tentaremos evidenciar que tal querela formada em torno do enhancement é uma reformulação da querela que outrora envolveu a arte alquímica nos tempos medievais e renascentistas – arte cujo impulso (...) deu grande influxo ao ideal prático-transformador da ciência. Em segundo lugar, mostraremos que a atual controvérsia em torno do transhumanismo padece, em termos ontológicos, de problemas semelhantes àqueles que atormentavam o debate sobre aquela antiga arte. Por fim, deixaremos, entretanto, indicado que o esclarecimento das questões ontológicas envolvidas em tal controvérsia não eliminam necessariamente outras questões de ordem ética e política, as quais precisam certamente de um estudo complementar. (shrink)

parte 1. As ideologias no século XXI -- parte 2. Ideologias, ambiente(s), identidade(s).

The present article presents brief notes on the "new thought" of the German philosopher Franz Rosenzweig, in the work The Star of Redemption, with the exposure of reason and its totalitarian and violent vocation, which, since Antiquity until Modernity, was based on the tireless search for knowledge of the All, in its essence, with the formulation of concepts, in a closed experience. In contrast, the philosopher from Kassel points out his proposal for a new philosophical system, with a vocabulary similar (...) to the one found in Jewish theology, even being confused with theological thought, which revealed an alternative analysis of experience (open, dynamic, relational and in time), the construction of a plural reason, admitting and respectingplurality. (shrink)

A current issue in psycholinguistic research is whether the language difficulties exhibited by children with developmental language disorder [DLD, previously labeled specific language impairment ] are due to deficits in their abilities to pick up patterns in the sensory environment, an ability known as statistical learning, and the extent to which explicit learning mechanisms can be used to compensate for those deficits. Studies designed to test the compensatory role of explicit learning mechanisms in children with DLD are, however, scarce, and (...) the few conducted so far have led to inconsistent results. This work aimed to provide new insights into the role that explicit learning mechanisms might play on implicit learning deficits in children with DLD by resorting to a new approach. This approach involved not only the collection of event-related potentials, while preschool children with DLD [relative to typical language developmental controls] were exposed to a continuous auditory stream made of the repetition of three-syllable nonsense words but, importantly, the collection of ERPs when the same children performed analogous versions of the same auditory SL task first under incidental and afterward under intentional conditions. In each of these tasks, the level of predictability of the three-syllable nonsense words embedded in the speech streams was also manipulated to mimic natural languages closely. At the end of both tasks’ exposure phase, children performed a two-alternative forced-choice task from which behavioral evidence of SL was obtained. Results from the 2-AFC tasks failed to show reliable signs of SL in both groups of children. The ERPs data showed, however, significant modulations in the N100 and N400 components, taken as neural signatures of word segmentation in the brain, even though a detailed analysis of the neural responses revealed that only children from the TLD group seem to have taken advantage of the previous knowledge to enhance SL functioning. These results suggest that children with DLD showed deficits both in implicit and explicit learning mechanisms, casting doubts on the efficiency of the interventions relying on explicit instructions to help children with DLD to overcome their language difficulties. (shrink)

Although canine identification of body odor (BO) has been widely used as forensic evidence, the concept of nosewitness identification by human observers was only recently put to the test. The results indicated that BOs associated with male characters in authentic crime videos could later be identified in BO lineup tests well above chance. To further evaluate nosewitness memory, we assessed the effects of lineup size (Experiment 1) and retention interval (Experiment 2), using a forced-choice memory test. The results showed that (...) nosewitness identification works for all lineup sizes (3, 5, and 8 BOs), but that larger lineups compromise identification performance in similarity to observations from eye- and earwitness studies. Also in line with previous eye- and earwitness studies, but in disagreement with some studies on odor memory, Experiment 2 showed significant forgetting between shorter retention intervals (15 min) and longer retention intervals (1-week) using lineups of five BOs. Altogether this study shows that identification of BO in a forensic setting is possible and has limits and characteristics in line with witness identification through other sensory modalities. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é indicar uma possível articulação entre a teoria do amadurecimento pessoal de Winnicott e a teoria da acontecência de Heidegger. Utiliza-se a noção de paradigma de Kuhn para, no quadro do desenvolvimento histórico da psicanálise, distinguir a psicanálise de Winnicott da psicanálise tradicional . Essa escolha pretende mostrar, por um lado, que a ontologia presente na teoria de Winnicott aproxima-se de um modo de pensar a natureza humana muito afim às concepções pós-metafísicas de Heidegger, podendo a (...) teoria da acontecência desse filósofo iluminar a compreensão dos elementos ontológicos que compõem a teoria winnicottiana. Por outro lado, esse movimento de aproximação aponta para um distanciamento, que permite notar que a psicanálise de Winnicott apresenta várias questões instigantes e suplementares a uma fenomenologia existencial.The aim of the present work is to investigate the possibility of establishing a bond between Winnicott's theory of personal maturation and Heidegger's theory of Geschichtlichkeit . We used Kuhn's notion of paradigm to distinguish Winnicott's psychoanalysis from traditional psychoanalysis within the framework of historical development of psychoanalysis. By this choice, we intend to show, on one hand, that the ontology found in Winnicott's theory approaches a way of thinking human nature which is very close to Heidegger's post-metaphysical conceptions so that his theory appropriation could illuminate the comprehension of the ontological elements that compose Winnicott's theory. However, on the other hand, that movement of approximation points towards a distancing, which shows that Winnicott's psychoanalysis contains several instigating and additional issues in relation to existential phenomenology. (shrink)

Using a multimethod approach, this article examines the link between class and masculinities by comparing the way two groups—professional men and working-class men —practice fatherhood. First, the authors show that these two groups practice different types of masculinity as they engage in different kinds of fatherhood. Physicians emphasize “public fatherhood,” which entails attendance at public events but little involvement in the daily care of their children. In contrast, EMTs are not only involved in their children's public events but also emphasize (...) “private fatherhood,” which entails involvement in their daily care. Second, the authors suggest that these differing types of involvement can be explained by the contrasting employment conditions of each group as well the gender order of their families, especially the divergent labor market positions of spouses and the division of parenting. The authors conclude by arguing that these working-class fathers are “undoing gender” while professional fathers reproduce the conventional gender order. (shrink)

In this article I will look into Corporate Legal Responsibility taking into account Levinas’s notion of infinite responsibility, as well as his understanding of ethical language. My account of Levinas’s philosophy will show that it challenges – breaking down – deeply entrenched distinctions in the dominant strands of moral philosophy, within which the theory of individual responsibility is embedded, such as between:(1) duty to others on the one hand and supererogation on the other; (2) perfect duty to others on the (...) one hand and imperfect duties to others on the other; (3) insiders and outsiders; kith and kin on the one hand and strangers on the other; Levinas’s moral vision is an inclusive one which embraces all of humanity (at least of those present today) irrespective of historical, linguistic, cultural differences and diversities. In other words, each has responsibilities for and duties towards all others. Of course, one might say that there is nothing new about a universalising ethics – after all Kantianism, liberalism as well as utilitarianism are well known instances. However, more crucially, all these traditional moral philosophies uphold the theory of individual responsibility, which is rooted in the philosophy of individualism. Such a philosophy can make sense only of the concept of individual moral/legal agency but not corporate agency. Therefore, in this article I will attempt to show that the Levinasian vision is able to help us change our view with respect to corporate responsibility. (shrink)

From an early age, exposure to a spoken language has allowed us to implicitly capture the structure underlying the succession of speech sounds in that language and to segment it into meaningful units. Statistical learning, the ability to pick up patterns in the sensory environment without intention or reinforcement, is thus assumed to play a central role in the acquisition of the rule-governed aspects of language, including the discovery of word boundaries in the continuous acoustic stream. Although extensive evidence has (...) been gathered from artificial languages experiments showing that children and adults are able to track the regularities embedded in the auditory input, as the probability of one syllable to follow another syllable in the speech stream, the developmental trajectory of this ability remains controversial. In this work, we have collected Event-Related Potentials while 5-year-old children and young adults were exposed to a speech stream made of the repetition of eight three-syllable nonsense words presenting different levels of predictability to mimic closely what occurs in natural languages and to get new insights into the changes that the mechanisms underlying auditory statistical learning might undergo through the development. The participants performed the aSL task first under implicit and, subsequently, under explicit conditions to further analyze if children take advantage of previous knowledge of the to-be-learned regularities to enhance SL, as observed with the adult participants. These findings would also contribute to extend our knowledge of the mechanisms available to assist SL at each developmental stage. Although behavioral signs of learning, even under explicit conditions, were only observed for the adult participants, ERP data showed evidence of online segmentation in the brain in both groups, as indexed by modulations in the N100 and N400 components. A detailed analysis of the neural data suggests, however, that adults and children rely on different mechanisms to assist the extraction of word-like units from the continuous speech stream, hence supporting the view that SL with auditory linguistic materials changes through development. (shrink)

Recently, the pandemic context in which the world finds itself has inspired studies that sought to evaluate to mental health and the way people are relating to the purpose of understanding and promoting improvements psychological health. The epidemiological and public health literature shows that social connection protects and promotes mental health, being an important clinical tool for reducing anxiety, depression, and stress. Thinking in the broad sense of connection, that is, feeling and perceiving oneself connected with the environment, applied to (...) the context of sport, it is suggested that social connection could be related to the interactions in the practice of sport. Although playing sports can promote mental health, there are few findings on the topic in the context of a pandemic and with physical sports and electronic sports players. In this sense, the present study aims to assess the extent to which social connection and mental health indicators are correlated in a sample of sports and e-sports players. The participants were 401 Brazilian physical sports and e-sports players, mostly male and single, who filled in the Social Connectedness Scale, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and demographic questions. The results indicated that social connection was negatively correlated and also predict the anxiety, depression, and stress. When comparing sports and e-sports players, a statistically significant difference was identified in the levels of social connection [t = −3.41; sportsmean = 4.53 ; e-sportsmean = 4.14 ] and depression [t = 2.90; sportsmean = 1.10 ; e-sportsmean = 0.85 ]. These findings can serve as a theoretical basis for the development of intervention programs and promoting discussions that focus on the analysis of aspects promoting psychological health in sports context. (shrink)

Le présent article part d’une proposition de Giorgio Agamben issue du livre La communauté qui vient, consistant à penser une communauté non appropriable, c’est-à-dire, une communauté pour des individus ontologiquement indéterminés et qui ne pouvant pas être appropriés par les appareils du pouvoir. En ce sens, nous essayons de montrer comment la formation sociale conçue par Agamben peut dialoguer avec l’idée de multitude de Michael Hardt et Antonio Negri. À cette fin, sont exposées les similitudes entre la communauté « qui (...) vient » de Agamben et la multitude. En séquence, nous discutons le rôle individualisant de la loi et de la politique occidentale, comprises comme mécanismes hiérarchiques dont la fonction est précisément d’empêcher l’émergence de la multitude. (shrink)

We argue that there are names with de se contents and that they are theoretically fruitful. De se names serve to challenge intuitive and otherwise plausible orthodoxies such as Stalnaker's view of communication and Bayesian views of belief update. These implications are also significant for those already sympathetic to the irreducibility of de se content.

Com o rápido desenvolvimento da técnica e da tecnologia, o campo educacional tem se mostrado estratégico para transformar a racionalidade humana em racionalidade tecnológica, alterando a consecução dos fins da própria Educação. O objetivo do artigo é analisar as contradições entre o processo de reprodução da vida material nas sociedades capitalistas e a perda de liberdade dos indivíduos inseridos e ajustados aos seus critérios e, da mesma forma, o ajustamento dos estudantes às demandas socialmente úteis ao sistema em decorrência da (...) pretensa extinção dos cursos de Ciências Humanas dos currículos, que tende a afastar a Educação de sua prerrogativa fundamental que é educar para a emancipação. A Teoria Crítica do filósofo frankfurtiano Herbert Marcuse refere que o restabelecimento da razão humana é tarefa para uma Pedagogia Radical como forma de resistência em tempos de mercantilização da Educação. Seus argumentos contribuem para uma análise crítica e contextualizada da Educação brasileira em tempos de contrarreformas. (shrink)

In the context of interspecies play involving humans, we find limitations when it comes to understanding most species. One reason for this may be the fact that we tend to anthropomorphize the other to be able to empathize with it. In light of this, how can we infer communication signs of other species so we are able to connect with the nonhuman world? We look for answers to this question by adopting a phenomenological approach that allows us to decentre from (...) the anthropocentric perspective. We highlight animal studies, especially those that extend to them the notion of play, and the studies on interspecies playful interaction conducted in the context of animal‐computer interaction. In addition, we propose considering empathy as an interspecies dialogical bridge with nonhumans. Finally, we argue about an expansion of the field of interaction design as an approach to the connection with the nonhuman world. (shrink)

Are proneness to forgive, optimism and gratitude associated with life satisfaction? The main aim of the current study was to examine whether and how life satisfaction is related to propensity to forgive one's transgressor. Additionally, it also explored the relationship between life satisfaction and other chosen psychological variables, such as optimism and gratitude. The study involved 338 persons between 16 and 83 years of age. For the measurement of psychological variables the following research tools were used: Satisfaction With Life Scale, (...) Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory, Gratitude Questionnaire, and Learned Optimism Test. Among the study participants satisfaction with life was positively correlated with the conviction about a permanent and ubiquitous nature of positive events, optimism and gratitude. The study also observed a negative correlation between satisfaction with life, the motivation for revenge and avoidance motivation, and the perception of a permanent and ubiquitous nature of adverse events. (shrink)

There seems to be a difference between drinking coffee alone at home and drinking coffee in a café. Yet, drinking coffee in a café is not a joint action. It is an individual action done in a social environment. The café, with each person minding their own business next to others, is what I call a gregarious state of affairs. Gregariousness refers to the warmth of the social world. It is the difference between studying alone at home and studying in (...) the library. This light form of sociality is precisely what we were deprived of during the coronavirus lockdowns. Gregariousness cannot be explained as interaction or coordination, and neither can it be grasped solely as a normative aspect of the environment. This is why gregariousness cannot be explained using the concepts of strategic equilibrium, shared planning agency, joint commitment, we-intention, or second-person standpoint. In this paper, I will also provide a prospective theory of gregariousness. The aim of this paper is not to provide a definitive theory of gregariousness, nor to demonstrate that other theories of joint action are incorrect, but rather to draw attention to this aspect of the social world that has been largely neglected. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa elucidar a renovaçáo da teleologia no pensamento de Hans Jonas, mostrando como esta ocupa aí duas funções centrais, a saber: pensar uma nova ontologia que atenda de forma mais exata à construçáo de um universo psicofísico e em vir-a-ser; e pensar o dever-ser da humanidade enquanto telos e valor absoluto no processo evolutivo do Ser. Para alcançarmos nosso objetivo, primeiro explicitaremos que o que Jonas designa por "enigma da subjetividade" é o problema fundamental da ontologia, e (...) que a filosofia moderna fracassa diante de tal problema, exigindo assim a reabilitaçáo – e renovaçáo – de uma concepçáo teleológica do ser. Depois mostraremos que essa renovaçáo da teleologia – que pode certamente ser designada de "neo-finalismo" – define o finalismo como intrínseco náo só aos seres individuais, mas ao próprio devenir do mundo, onde o homem seria a própria realizaçáo última de uma possibilidade latente no interior de tal processo evolutivo da substância universal. Com isso, resultaria um princípio da ética que náo estaria fundado nem na autonomia do Eu, nem nas necessidades da comunidade, mas antes no próprio caráter teleológico do processo evolutivo da natureza – o homem assumindo aí um valor absoluto por justamente ser o telos – entenda-se: "qualidade final" – de tal processo. Quer isto dizer, a teleologia jonasiana visa por fim responder sobre o bem que é a humanidade, que se firmaria assim como o próprio fundamento da ética. (shrink)

p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; } O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir a concepção de Direito, Justiça e Estado no pensamento estoico greco-romano, demonstrando a atualidade do tema e suas conexões com problemas contemporâneos tratados pela Filosofia do Direito, tais como os da legitimidade do poder e do universalismo da ordem jurídica. Em um primeiro momento são apresentados e problematizados elementos centrais da filosofia estoica, tais como as noções de lei natural, liberdade interior, igualdade formal e universalismo. Em seguida, mediante (...) uma análise histórica e filosófica de caráter crítico-comparativo são apresentados os três principais projetos de república pensados pelos estoicos: 1) a república radical e igualitarista de Zenão (ap. 334 a.C. – 262 a.C.), na qual se nega a juridicidade, eis que o direito é entendido como construção artificial que impede a fruição da liberdade; 2) a república legalista de Cícero (106 a.C. – 43 a.C.), quando o direito natural é positivado para servir enquanto instância racional de auto-reflexão e de auto-fundamentação das normas jurídico positivas e, finalmente, 3) a “república” de Sêneca (4 a.C. – 65 d.C.), na qual o direito inicialmente se deixa absorver pelo poder pessoal do Imperador Romano para, em um segundo momento, mostrar-se como elemento universal, preparando assim as bases para a futura concepção de direitos fundamentais própria da modernidade. (shrink)

Esta investigação trata da diferença entre as áreas da filosofia, mas essa diferenciação necessita de uma forma plausível e não dogmática em seu proceder. Para encontrar uma forma de diferenciar cada área interna da filosofia, utilizou-se uma comparação inicial com as ciências e se buscou oprocesso argumentativo como um fator principal de diferenciação. Isso se expressa mais diretamente no problema de pesquisa, que visa a investigar se as diferentes áreas filosóficas também possuem diferentes processos deargumentação. A relevância desta investigação se (...) encontra na identificação de determinadas tensões entre as áreas filosóficas. O resultado mostra que os diferentes conteúdos tratados pelas distintas áreas filosóficas exercem um efeito importante sobre os processos argumentativos. Para fins de delimitação, optou-se por duas áreas da filosofia: a lógica e a ética. (shrink)

Why does time seem to fly by when we are absorbed? The case of listening to music is of particular interest, given that listening to music itself requires experiencing time. In this paper, I argue that neither the prevailing psychological model nor some initially appealing alternative explanations can account for the experience of time flying by in cases where, like listening to music, the activity we are absorbed in itself requires experiencing time. I then put forward a novel view on (...) which the fragmentation of felt time is what best explains these cases. More specifically, I develop a view on which attentive engagement fragments felt time such that we experience the activity we are engaged in as if it is located in a temporally isolated branch or fragment of the main timeline. Time then seems to pass only in this branch, creating the sensation — upon integration — that less time has passed in the main timeline. In support of this proposal, I draw upon ideas in the empirical literature, and I suggest some underlying neuropsychological mechanisms that might serve to implement the model. I then extend the fragmentation model to cases where thinking about time makes it feel as though more of it passes. I end the paper by examining the possibility that an analogous model holds for the case of space. (shrink)

NAVEGAR É PRECISO; VIVER NÃO É PRECISO: A LIBERDADE DE LOCOMOÇÃO NA INTERNET.